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Trying to run a Ubuntu server for the first time. But everything is in a terminal. Is there a way to switch to a GUI? Also, the server doesn't have direct access to. @ravaza – This looks VERY interesting. I’ll have to check it out later today. One thing, this is more of a server installation than a regular desktop application. This post presents several desktop environment options to install GUI on Ubuntu server. Some are lightweight and some are resource intensive. This simple tutorial is going to show you how to easily install Oracle Java (JDK) 6, 7, or 8 in Ubuntu 14.04 Trusty Tahr via PPA. There’s a. ![]() A more functional minimal desktop environment (the one I use): sudo apt install xorg. EXPLANATION: lxde- icon- theme is needed for basic icons(there are alternatives), lxde- core and lxde- common will install the basic lxde components, policykit- 1 andlxpolkit are needed to run pkexec, lxsession- logout is needed so that the logout menu works, gvfs- backends is needed if you want trash,network,devices etc support at pcmanfm. A full lightweight desktop environment: sudo apt install xorg. ![]() For those of you who want to install Ubuntu on your Android smartphone or tablet device, here’s our universal guide on how to do it. (This guide is based off my. MoonOS was a complete, Ubuntu-based distribution featuring the LXDE and Enlightenment 17 desktop managers and imaginative, original artwork. A project created and. Fedora/gdm: Here is an example of what we did on a vanilla install of Fedora-C3 (seems to use gdm by default.) Add a line like this to /etc/X11/gdm/Init/:0. Then choose one of these: sudo apt install - -no- install- recommends lubuntu- core. ORsudo apt install - -no- install- recommends xubuntu- core. OR sudo apt install - -no- install- recommends ubuntu- mate- core. EXPLANATION: Each of these metapackages is based on lxde,xfce and mate desktop respectively including dependencies such as alsa, lightdm etc. A full lightweight desktop environment without minding the recommendations: Choose one of these: sudo apt install lubuntu- core. ORsudo apt install xubuntu- core. ORsudo apt install ubuntu- mate- core. EXPLANATION: Almost the same as 4 (including full xorg installation) but with many more packages such as bluetooth, printers, scanner support, different themes and fonts, basic gnome tools etc. A full desktop with all the extras (better choose another option): Choose one of these: sudo apt install lubuntu- desktop. ORsudo apt install xubuntu- desktop. ORsudo apt install ubuntu- mate- desktop. ORsudo apt install ubuntu- gnome- desktop. ORsudo apt install ubuntu- desktop. ORsudo apt install kubuntu- desktop. EXPLANATION: This will install everything that the live cd of each ubuntu flavor installs (that means even the media players or whatever they find useful for their flavor. So, it's not recommended option. TIP1: The - -no- install- recommended options applies to all dependencies packages recursively so I first install xorg package to make sure all graphic drivers and other packages are installed and so that my system is portable even if I change motherboard or gpu. Some people install only components of xorg but I've never been able to create a usable system this way. TIP2: If an option you choose installs network- manager and network- manager- gnome then better use it to configure your network and delete everything at /etc/network/interfaces file (except the lo interface) in order to avoid conflicts. TIP3: If you need remote desktop via x. I think you also need to add option - auth guess and - loopso that vnc works before you login and after you logout)TIP4: At options 2 to 6 if you wanna stop lightdm autostarting then run the command sudo systemctl disable lightdm and you can start it whenever you want with sudo systemctl start lightdm. To re- enable it run sudo systemctl enable lightdm and check it with systemctl is- enabled lightdm (sometimes you can't re- enable it and the is- enabled commands has output static so run sudo apt install - reinstall lightdm to fix it)TIP5: There is also another option (which I left out on purpose). You can install the specific desktop environment metapackage like lxde, xfce. However, you will need more packages than just xorg in most cases and these packages or metapackages might install packages that are not longer preferred by any Ubuntu flavor. For example lxde installs wicd as recommendation when all flavors (including lubuntu) use network- manager and network- manager- gnome nowadays. To see differences between packages you can search here: http: //packages. Ubuntu 1. 4. 0. 4 Desktop unattended installation. There are two most commonly used methods when it comes to automating Ubuntu installations: Preseed and Kickstart. The first one is an official method for Ubuntu to suppress all the questions in the installation process, but it has really steep learning curve if you are making automatic Ubuntu installer for the first time. Second method is really easy to start with because Ubuntu supports most of the Red. Hat's Kickstart options, but since it isn't an official method, we are still going to use some Preseed commands. I couldn't find one tutorial where the whole process would be explained, so I made this fully working and tested. In this tutorial I am going to create Kickstart and Preseed configuration files, modify original Ubuntu ISO files, save my modified ISO and make USB Startup Disk from it. Create Kickstart Configuration File. Install Kickstart by typing this command into Terminal: sudo apt- get install system- config- kickstart. After the installation process is completed, open Kickstart Configurator using Unity search or just by typing system- config- kickstart in Terminal. When the Kickstart opens, choose the settings you need for your installation. You can review all possible options on the official Kickstart Configurator documentation site. Here is the configuration I used: Very basic and self explanatory settings here. I used x. 86 architecture, because my devices had less than 4 GB of RAM. If you want to install Ubuntu from CD- ROM or USB like I did, choose CD- ROM. If you want to install it from ISO file stored on FTP, HTTP servers or hard drive, choose appropriate options. Keep boot loader options to default. Be careful on this step and set the right partitioning information, because it can completely delete your current system. I installed Ubuntu on machines that had the same size HDDs with existing partitions. I just wanted to delete everything. Make sure to create /boot, / and swap partitions. In this example the first two partitions are in fixed size and the last one is set to fill all remaining space for swap. Choose Static or DHCP. Kept the default settings. Enter your credentials. You can later change the password in ks. If you chose to encrypt your password, the supported hash in Kickstart configuration is MD5. Use Open SSL command openssl passwd - 1 yourpassword in Terminal to generate the new password. Keep it disabled. Ubuntu doesn't support firewall settings. Do not configure the X Window System here. Ubuntu automatically solves this one anyway. Ubuntu doesn't support Kickstart package selection. We'll add them manually to %packages section in ks. Write anything that you need to do before starting Kickstart installation. Write anything that you need to do after Kickstart installation. It executes the script in chroot environment, so you don't need to use sudo. When you are finished with the configuration, press File > Save File in the top menu. Keep default file name as ks. Desktop. Here are the contents of my ks. Generated by Kickstart Configurator. System language. #Language modules to install. LT - -default=en_US. System keyboard. #System timezone. Europe/Vilnius. rootpw - -disabled. Ernestas" - -iscrypted - -password $1$wh. Die. 5r. 9$a. K. 8. Vk. 1rr. F0. ZL. WGq. Aj. JE/. #Reboot after installation. Use text mode install. Install OS instead of upgrade. Use CDROM installation media. System bootloader configuration. Clear the Master Boot Record. Partition clearing information. Disk partitioning information. System authorization infomation. Network information. Firewall configuration. Do not configure the X Window System. Additional packages to install. Add your custom post installation script here. It's not necessary, but you can add something depending on your needs. Here's my script. Turn on automatic login for user ernestas. Automatic. Login/ s/^# //; s/user. Define variables for Gnome settings file. Dir=/usr/share/glib- 2. File=gnome- tweaks. File. With. Dir=$settings. Dir/$settings. File. Create a file for Gnome settings, which will later be compiled in this script. File. With. Dir. echo "[org. Vino]" > > $settings. File. With. Dir. echo "authentication- methods=['vnc']" > > $settings. File. With. Dir. echo "enabled=true" > > $settings. File. With. Dir. echo "require- encryption=false" > > $settings. File. With. Dir. echo "prompt- enabled=false" > > $settings. File. With. Dir. echo "vnc- password='b. XVja. Ghh. Y2tlcndvdw=='" > > $settings. File. With. Dir. # Turn off screen lock. File. With. Dir. echo "[org. File. With. Dir. echo "lock- enabled=false" > > $settings. File. With. Dir. # Turn off screen timeout. File. With. Dir. echo "[org. File. With. Dir. echo "idle- delay=0" > > $settings. File. With. Dir. # Change default favorite applications. File. With. Dir. echo "favorite- apps=['google- chrome. File. With. Dir. # Compile Gnome settings. Dir. # Turn on Wake- on- LAN. Enable shutdown and updates for ernestas without password. Custom rules" > > /etc/sudoers. ALL = NOPASSWD: /sbin/shutdown" > > /etc/sudoers. ALL = NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/apt- get" > > /etc/sudoers. Install Google Chrome. Delete Chrome install. Create Preseed file. Pressed commands work when they are directly written inside the Kickstart file, but I wanted to separate the two methods for you to see clear boundaries between them. Create new file name ubuntu- auto. Unmount drives with active partitions. Without this command all the installation process would stop and require confirmation to unmount drives that are already mounted.Don't install recommended items.Install only security updates automatically.For additional Preseed configuration options, refer to official Ubuntu installation guide. Download Ubuntu Server 1. Ubuntu website. It is necessary to use server version, because desktop version doesn't support unattended installations. Desktop functionality will work after we install ubuntu- desktop package in %packages section. Mount . iso file to Ubuntu filesystem using Terminal. The command below will mount . Desktop. mkdir ubuntu_iso. Downloads/ubuntu- 1. Copy . iso contents to another folder on your desktop so we can edit the files. Don't forget to set the right permissions to be able to make changes. R 7. 55 ubuntu_files. R ernestas: ernestas ubuntu_files. Edit contents of ISOCopy ks. Now we need to make the installer read Kickstart and Preseed files by including new menu selection for automatic Ubuntu installation. To do this, open file named txt. Automatically install Ubuntu. Turn off language choice menu and specify your desired language: echo en > > ubuntu_files/isolinux/lang. You can also use text editor for this. Just create the file named lang with the contents en and save it to isolinux folder. Create new ISO: $ cd ubuntu_files. D - r - V “ubuntu- auto” - cache- inodes - J - l - b isolinux/isolinux. Desktop/ubuntu- auto. Create bootable USB media using Ubuntu Startup Disk Creator from newly created ubuntu- auto. After booting into USB, you should see something like this. Press Enter and relax! The whole process will be seen as below, but you won't need to do anything. O que eu preciso para ser Diretor de Escola? 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A Carta de Intenção deverá conter as seguintes informações: 1- Os motivos de ordem profissional e intelectual que o motivaram a candidatar- se, e qual a sua perspectiva com relação ao curso. 2- Experiência acadêmica…. ![]() Português - Coleção Esquematizado. Para a Língua Portuguesa tivemos a honra de contar com o trabalho de Agnaldo Martino que.
Apostila Impermeabilizações - Telhados - Apostila de impermeabilização de telhados.IMPERMEABILIZAÕES - TELHADOSProf.Msc Marcelo Vinicius.Arquiteto & Urbanistae- mail: [email protected]ção dos tipos de patologias em telhados.Esta aula tem como objetivo capacitar os alunos em identificar os problemas encontrados nas estruturas dos telhados.Você sabe quando o seu telhado pode vazar? Primeiramente, se o seu telhado não é impermeabilizado, você corre grandes riscos para o surgimento de goteiras. Confira a seguir os itens que deve ficar atento: Inclinação: Em muitas casas, o problema de vazamento proveniente do telhado persiste devido a inclinação inadequada do projeto. Coeficientes elevados, acima de 1. Sobreposição de telhas: Com a ação dos ventos ou uma falha na execução do telhado, telhas podem ficar sobrepostas, abrindo um foco para infiltrações. Telhas quebradas: Com uma forte chuva, a força das águas e dos ventos, podem ocasionar quebras de telhas, tendo o surgimento de goteiras. 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Materiais que compões este sistema: Mantas asfálticas ou membranas asfáticas. Impermeabilização sob telhados - Sub coberturas. As sub- coberturas são sistemas impermeabilizantes que, dependendo do produto, podem também ter a função de isolantes térmicos. Sua instalação varia de acordo com seu fabricante. Hoje, encontra- se muitos produtos adequados a reformas, com rápida e fácil aplicação, adaptáveis até mesmo para telhados prontos, independente do tipo de telhas usadas. Com o avanço tecnológico, cada vez mais produtos estão sendo desenvolvidos visando o conforto e proteção do usuário. Com isso, encontra- se sub- coberturas impermeáveis às infiltrações das águas das chuvas porém, permeável ao vapor d'água, permitindo que o telhado respire, evitando a condensação e a proliferação de fungos, pois evita o acúmulo de umidade ao longo do tempo. Podendo ainda, impedir a passagem de pó, roedores e insetos pelo telhado. São exemplos desses locais: Todo tipo de edificação que possui telhado. Materiais que compões este sistema: Material produzidos com fibras de polietileno de alta densidade, sem aditivos. Material produzido com filme de poliéster aluminizado. Garante impermeabilização total e médio poder em isolante térmico, aconselhável para proteção do forro de madeira e evita a condensação em todos os tipos de telhados com estrutura de madeira e cobertura com telhas de barro, concreto, ardósia,etc.. Material de mantas laminadas compostas de folhas de alumínio, adesivos especiais, papel kraft e malhas de reforço. Não decompõe com a umidade, não favorece o alojamento de fungos e pragas e é atóxico. Impermeabilização sobre telhados: É um sistema impermeabilizante aplicado sobre os telhados. Geralmente estas impermeabilizações são executadas em telhados antigos onde se deseja obter estanqueidade e redução de calor. Materiais que compões este sistema: Mantas asfalticas com alumínio e manta asfalticas mineralizadas com véu de poliéster. Materiais - Mantas asfálticas. DESCRIÇÃO: As mantas asfálticas são produtos impermeabilizantes pré- fabricados, sendo a base de asfalto modificado com polímeros, estruturadas com filme de polietileno, véu de fibra de vidro ou não tecido de filamentos contínuos de poliéster. Sua fabricação dá- se por dois processos: o de Calandragem ou de Laminação. DIMENSIONAMENTO: Confeccionadas sob os padrões de mercado, tem- se bobinas de 1. Há, porém, a possibilidade da fabricação de bobinas em dimensões especiais conforme as características específicas da obra determinada. CARACTERÍSTICAS: Num geral, as mantas asfálticas possuem as seguintes características: - Estabilidade térmica e dimensional; alta resistência aos esforços mecânicos; elevada flexibilidade; alta resistência ao puncionamento estático e dinâmico; ampla faixa de resistência à temperatura; alta resistência à fadiga mecânica; elevada durabilidade. Podem variar ainda de acordo com o polímero adicionado, ou o estruturante usado, e o acabamento que é dado. ASFALTOS: Os polímeros são responsável pela flexibilidade, alongamento, correções dos pontos de amolecimento e penetração dos asfaltos. Proporcionam características especificas que determinam, muitas vezes, o tipo de aplicação. Os mais utilizados são os elastoméricos como os SBS (Estireno - Butadieno - Estireno) e os Plastoméricos como o APP ( Polipropileno Atatico). Com isso, os compostos asfalticos ( Asfalto + polimero) para a fabricação de mantas podem ser classificados como Elastoméricos ( os que possuem SBS), Plastoméricos (os que possuem APP) e os modificados por Oxidação da massa Asfaltica ( Oxidado) e os modificados por polimerização por condensação da massa asfáltica (Policondensado). ESTRUTURANTES: Os estruturantes são responsáveis pela resistência à tração. Os mais utilizados são: filme de polietileno, véu de vidro e o não tecido de poliéster. ACABAMENTOS: Os acabamentos são determinados de acordo com a necessidade funcional, estética ou de aplicação. Os revestimentos escolhidos são aplicados nas mantas asfálticas ainda no processo de fabricação. Em mantas que receberão proteção, encontra- se acabamentos em: filme de polietileno, areia. Já as mantas autoprotegidas, que são aquelas que estarão expostas, sem proteção, como, por exemplo, numa laje de cobertura, encontram- se as seguintes opções: Mineralizadas: camada de grânulos minerais. Aluminizadas: lamina de alumínio. Para pintura: véu de poliéster. ESPECIFICAÇAO PARA ÁREAS DE TELHADOSNa execução de impermeabilização de áreas de telhados é recomendado a utilização de mantas asfalticas com as seguintes características: Impermeabilização sob telhados em lajes. Aplicadas com o uso de maçarico ou colagem com asfálto Espessura mínima recomendada: 3mm Estruturante: Poliéster ou Fibra de Vidro Acabamento: Polietireno ou areia. Impermeabilização sobre telhados. Aplicadas com o uso de maçarico Espessura mínima recomendada: 3mm Estruturante: Poliéster, Fibra de Vidro ou Polietileno Acabamento: Alumínio, Mineral ou Poliéster. NORMAS VIGENTES: As normas que fornecem parâmetros de desempenho para as mantas asfálticas são as: NBR 9. NBR 9. 95. 6. APLICAÇÃO: O sucesso de uma boa impermeabilização é a sua aplicação. Para isso é importante estar atento a diversos detalhes executivos e recomendações de fabricantes. Para o processo de impermeabilização ser iniciado, é necessário uma Preparação da Superfície, para então, chegar à Aplicação da Manta Asfáltica, e por fim, a execução da Proteção Mecânica. PREPARAÇÃO DA SUPERFÍCIE: Impermeabilização sob telhados em lajes. Antes de iniciar a Impermeabilização, é necessário fazer uma Limpeza na superfície a ser impermeabilizada, retirando qualquer partícula solta. Tendo uma superfície limpa e seca, executamos uma Camada de Regularização com uma argamassa de areia e cimento no traço de 1: 3, espessura mínima de 2cm, corrigindo ainda, irregularidades que podem prejudicar o sistema impermeabilizante e a qualidade do trabalho. Review: The Confession, John Grisham. I grew up reading John Grisham. The Firm was the first adult novel I’d ever tried to read. I remember being fairly young, and trying to figure out how people ever kept so many characters and subplots straight. I’m still a fan of his earlier legal thrillers, but I haven’t read him in a while (Bleachers is pretty well- written, but I prefer his legal thrillers, and I haven’t really enjoyed any since The Partner). So when I saw The Confession, I decided to check it out, and see if I could recapture the excitement of the earlier thrillers. I was absolutely disappointed.It started off interesting, with a man named Travis coming to a church in Kansas and confessing that he raped and murdered a girl in Slone, Texas about a decade ago.The pastor, Keith, is unsure whether or not to believe him, but some online research reveals that Travis has a long record of sexual crime. The veracity of Travis’ confession is especially important because Donte, a classmate of the victim, had already confessed to the crime and convicted nine years ago, and will be executed in Slone in a couple of days.Travis isn’t allowed to leave the state, yet Keith can’t let an innocent man die either. John Grisham Books On CdSo far, a promising premise. Unfortunately, The Confession quickly becomes an anti- death penalty manifesto rather than an actual story. We know within the first few chapters that Travis is telling the truth; we can also predict fairly early on how Keith will decide to try to save Donte. The main conflict then is a race against time to save Donte. Grisham focuses mostly on people and events in Slone — Donte’s lawyers and family, the victim’s family and the media. The Confession: Book summary and reviews of The Confession by John Grisham. John Grisham’s second novel, The Firm, made his career. The flashy story of a young lawyer recruited for a job far too good to be true had a great hook, an ability. This item: The Confession: A Novel by John Grisham Mass Market Paperback CDN$ 10.79. Review “[A] grab-a-reader-by-the-shoulders suspense story. John Grisham Confession True StoryThe Confession is a 2010 legal thriller novel by John Grisham, his second novel to be published in 2010 (the previous was Theodore Boone: Kid Lawyer). I grew up reading John Grisham. The Firm was the first adult novel I’d ever tried to read. I remember being fairly young, and trying to figure out how people ever. Because Donte is black, Slone mostly divides along racial lines, with the black community protesting Donte’s innocence and the white community calling for his blood, and race riots threatening to erupt. Still potentially exciting, but Grisham reduces his characters to stock figures. Donte’s lawyer is idealistic, and his family is just after justice. The victim’s mother is mostly after fame; the prosecutor and governor are concerned only about looking good on camera. Worse, it turns out Donte was completely screwed by the system for nine years — his confession was coerced, the prosecution’s star witness was clearly jealous of Donte, all his appeals failed despite having merit because of politics, the original trial judge was even shown to have been sleeping with the prosecutor. Such a corrupt system, such a victimized young man. We get it. Enough. And yet Grisham continues revealing injustice after injustice after injustice. It began to feel like a soap opera, where some villain was manipulating the strings to make life as difficult as possible for the poor hero. Grisham has always advocated a clear side on issues (mostly: rich corporations = bad, pro bono lawyers = good), but it hasn’t bothered me as much as in The Confession. ![]() It’s not even that I disagree with him about the death penalty (to be honest, I haven’t really made up my mind on the issue yet). But Grisham’s other novels at least had an interesting story and likable characters to go with the soap box. By completely removing the ambiguity from the characters, Grisham presents The Confession as an argument on why the death penalty should be abolished. It can’t even be called a debate, because he refuses to make any of the pro- death penalty characters sympathetic, nor does he explain their reasons for advocating the death penalty, beyond their need to pander for votes (the governor) or the desire to be on camera (the victim’s mother). Because the characters are so one- dimensional, and the conflict so straightforward, The Confession was boring. Certainly, Donte’s situation was unjust, but Grisham makes him into such a martyr that I almost wanted it to turn out that Donte really did kill the girl after all. Unfortunately, the story unfolds pretty much as expected. I can understand why Grisham would be against the death penalty; I can even understand why he’d be so angry he wanted to tell us why the death penalty should be abolished. It’s just, in a novel, I prefer to have a story as well. Display driver stopped responding and has recovered, shows wrong drive. Since upgrading to Windows 1. I've seen the following message several times. Display Driver stopped responding and has recovered.Display driver Intel HD Graphics Drivers for Windows 8(R) stopped responding and has successfully recovered.When it happens, my laptop screen goes black for a few seconds, except for the taskbar and toast notification. I also have an external monitor that doesn't seem affected at all.I can reproduce the error pretty consistently if I rapidly switch a Flash video back and forth between full- screen and embedded, but that's not the only time I've seen the problem. Event Id 4101 Igfx· Display driver stopped responding and has recovered Display driver AMD driver stopped responding and has. Display Driver stopped responding and has. How To Fix Display Driver Stopped RespondingAs far as I can tell, everything continues running. Even the full- screen video continues running after the screen isn't black any more. The weird thing is that the driver name it shows isn't the driver I'm using. I've already upgraded my display drivers to the latest available from Intel's site. Some things I've observed: The information presented by Windows in Settings - > Display - > Advanced display settings shows the driver for Windows 1. I downloaded from Intel. The "Intel HD Graphics Control Center" that was installed along with the driver shows the latest driver version that I downloaded from Intel.
In Settings - > Apps & Features there's only one "Intel(R) Processor Graphics Driver" listed. Event viewer shows very little useful information: General. Display driver igfx stopped responding and has successfully recovered. Details (XML View): - < Event xmlns="http: //schemas. System> < Provider Name="Display" /> < Event. ID Qualifiers="0"> 4. Event. ID> < Level> 3< /Level> < Task> 0< /Task> < Keywords> 0x. · Display Driver igfx stops responding and recovers When i. goes black and pops back up saying display driver igfx stopped responding and recovered. How to Fix the "Display Driver Stopped Responding and Has Recovered" Error on Windows 10, 8.1, 8, 7, Vista, XP. Keywords> < Time. Created System. Time="2. T1. 8: 1. 8: 2. 4. Z" /> < Event. Record. ID> 1. Event. Record. ID> < Channel> System< /Channel> < Computer> Envy< /Computer> < Security /> < /System> - < Event. Data> < Data> igfx< /Data> < Data /> < /Event. Data> < /Event> It's conceivable that Intel updated the driver, but forgot to change the string somewhere so the error is actually for the Windows 1. I don't know how to find out exactly what failed or why. It's getting that string from somewhere. Display Driver igfx stopped responding and has successfully recovered" ERROR - [Solved]. Hi,I am currently having problems with my HP Pavilion dv. I kept getting the "Display driver igfx has stopped responding and has recovered" and my screen would stop and eventually would freeze my PC and crash to a blue screen. Before, this problem goes away after a few restart. But now it seemed I couldn't get things done because it doesn't want to go away. I searched the web and have followed some of the tips like updating my display driver to the latest version. I did this but the problem didn't go away. My graphics accelerator onboard is the Mobile Intel® 4 series Express Family Chipset. I tried everything what microsoft has recommended like clean boot, check system performance, defrag, cleanup disk, etc but the problem is still there. What I did last inorder to at least continue surfing the net and wrting emails is run "Last Known Good Configuration". It kind of helped a little bit but I'm still getting the error when i play videos in youtube. I will appreciate any help as I don't know anymore where to get help. This wasn't a problem before. Not until I had the latest Windows updates and probably some new patches on crossfire. If there's already a an older thread on this topic, kindly post the link. Here's my specs: HP Pavilion DV4 1. Entertainment PCWindows Vista home premium x. OSIntel Core. 2 Duo, 2. Ghz. 4 GB of RAMChipset: Mobile Intel® 4 Series Express FAmily Chipset. Thanks in advance and hoping for your usual unfailing support. 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Windows Vista / Windows XP 6. ![]() Device driver - Wikipedia. In computing, a device driver is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer.[1] A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details of the hardware being used. ![]() All free software you can download from Softonic. (page 5). A driver communicates with the device through the computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware connects. When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver, the driver issues commands to the device. Once the device sends data back to the driver, the driver may invoke routines in the original calling program. Drivers are hardware dependent and operating- system- specific. They usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary asynchronous time- dependent hardware interface.[2]Purpose[edit]The main purpose of device drivers is to provide abstraction by acting as a translator between a hardware device and the applications or operating systems that use it.[1] Programmers can write the higher- level application code independently of whatever specific hardware the end- user is using. For example, a high- level application for interacting with a serial port may simply have two functions for "send data" and "receive data". At a lower level, a device driver implementing these functions would communicate to the particular serial port controller installed on a user's computer. The commands needed to control a 1. UART are much different from the commands needed to control an FTDI serial port converter, but each hardware- specific device driver abstracts these details into the same (or similar) software interface. Development[edit]Writing a device driver requires an in- depth understanding of how the hardware and the software works for a given platform function.Because drivers require low- level access to hardware functions in order to operate, drivers typically operate in a highly privileged environment and can cause system operational issues if something goes wrong.In contrast, most user- level software on modern operating systems can be stopped without greatly affecting the rest of the system.
Even drivers executing in user mode can crash a system if the device is erroneously programmed.These factors make it more difficult and dangerous to diagnose problems.[3]The task of writing drivers thus usually falls to software engineers or computer engineers who work for hardware- development companies. This is because they have better information than most outsiders about the design of their hardware. Moreover, it was traditionally considered in the hardware manufacturer's interest to guarantee that their clients can use their hardware in an optimum way. Typically, the Logical Device Driver (LDD) is written by the operating system vendor, while the Physical Device Driver (PDD) is implemented by the device vendor. But in recent years non- vendors have written numerous device drivers, mainly for use with free and open sourceoperating systems. In such cases, it is important that the hardware manufacturer provides information on how the device communicates. Http:// Virtual usb multikey 64bit driver добавляет более. UBW (USB Bit Whacker) An inexpensive, simple input/output device to connect your computer to the real world. By: Brian Schmalz. Although this information can instead be learned by reverse engineering, this is much more difficult with hardware than it is with software. Microsoft has attempted to reduce system instability due to poorly written device drivers by creating a new framework for driver development, called Windows Driver Foundation (WDF). This includes User- Mode Driver Framework (UMDF) that encourages development of certain types of drivers—primarily those that implement a message- based protocol for communicating with their devices—as user- mode drivers. If such drivers malfunction, they do not cause system instability. The Kernel- Mode Driver Framework (KMDF) model continues to allow development of kernel- mode device drivers, but attempts to provide standard implementations of functions that are known to cause problems, including cancellation of I/O operations, power management, and plug and play device support. Apple has an open- source framework for developing drivers on Mac OS X called the I/O Kit. In Linux environments, programmers can build device drivers as parts of the kernel, separately as loadable modules, or as user- mode drivers (for certain types of devices where kernel interfaces exist, such as for USB devices). Makedev includes a list of the devices in Linux: tty. S (terminal), lp (parallel port), hd (disk), loop, sound (these include mixer, sequencer, dsp, and audio)..[4]The Microsoft Windows. Linux . ko modules contain loadable device drivers. ![]() The advantage of loadable device drivers is that they can be loaded only when necessary and then unloaded, thus saving kernel memory. Kernel mode vs. user mode[edit]Device drivers, particularly on modern[update]Microsoft Windows platforms, can run in kernel- mode (Ring 0 on x. CPUs) or in user- mode (Ring 3 on x. CPUs).[5] The primary benefit of running a driver in user mode is improved stability, since a poorly written user mode device driver cannot crash the system by overwriting kernel memory.[6] On the other hand, user/kernel- mode transitions usually impose a considerable performance overhead, thereby prohibiting user- mode drivers for low latency and high throughput requirements. Kernel space can be accessed by user module only through the use of system calls. End user programs like the UNIX shell or other GUI- based applications are part of the user space. These applications interact with hardware through kernel supported functions. Applications[edit]Because of the diversity of modern[update] hardware and operating systems, drivers operate in many different environments.[7] Drivers may interface with: Common levels of abstraction for device drivers include: For hardware. Interfacing directly. Writing to or reading from a device control register. Using some higher- level interface (e. Video BIOS)Using another lower- level device driver (e. Simulating work with hardware, while doing something entirely different[8]For software. Allowing the operating system direct access to hardware resources. Implementing only primitives. Implementing an interface for non- driver software (e. TWAIN)Implementing a language, sometimes quite high- level (e. Post. Script)So choosing and installing the correct device drivers for given hardware is often a key component of computer system configuration.[9]Virtual device drivers[edit]Virtual device drivers represent a particular variant of device drivers. They are used to emulate a hardware device, particularly in virtualization environments, for example when a DOS program is run on a Microsoft Windows computer or when a guest operating system is run on, for example, a Xen host. Instead of enabling the guest operating system to dialog with hardware, virtual device drivers take the opposite role and emulates a piece of hardware, so that the guest operating system and its drivers running inside a virtual machine can have the illusion of accessing real hardware. Attempts by the guest operating system to access the hardware are routed to the virtual device driver in the host operating system as e. The virtual device driver can also send simulated processor- level events like interrupts into the virtual machine. Virtual devices may also operate in a non- virtualized environment. For example, a virtual network adapter is used with a virtual private network, while a virtual disk device is used with i. SCSI. A good example for virtual device drivers can be Daemon Tools. There are several variants of virtual device drivers, such as Vx. Ds, VLMs, VDDs. Open drivers[edit]Solaris descriptions of commonly used device driversfas: Fast/wide SCSI controllerhme: Fast (1. Mbit/s) Ethernetisp: Differential SCSI controllers and the Sun. Swift cardglm: (Gigabaud Link Module[1. Ultra. SCSI controllersscsi: Small Computer Serial Interface (SCSI) devicessf: soc+ or social Fiber Channel Arbitrated Loop (FCAL)soc: SPARC Storage Array (SSA) controllers and the control devicesocial: Serial optical controllers for FCAL (soc+)Identifiers[edit]A device on the PCI bus or USB is identified by two IDs which consist of 4 hexadecimal numbers each. The vendor ID identifies the vendor of the device. The device ID identifies a specific device from that manufacturer/vendor. Embedded Engineering. This project is in the series of different small projects i did for new learner in mircrocontroller stuff. In this project i am using PIC1. F1. 45. 9 mcu for no particular reason , any MCU can be used to implement this project. ADC and Few GPIO to drive LED display . I am using internal 1. ADC of PIC1. 6F1. MCU . Though 1. 0bit resolution is quite low , with 3 Amps rage we can only get resolution of about 2. A per bit. I would love to have a least 1m. Read this post to know about interfacing 16x2 LCD to PIC18F4550 microcontroller. PIC18F4550 belongs to the PIC18F family and is an 8bit microcontroller. Hi friends, aim of this project is to present a way to store a large quantity of data into microSD card in files with FAT32 format. Here, ATmega32 is used for data. ![]()
A per bit or better , but for that either we need to limit our range to 1. A or have more than 1. ADC. To get higher bit in ADC require either external ADC chip or use an MCU with has 1. ADC. i just wanted to keep this project simple and low cost . A per bit. Good thing about PIC1. Serial Port Programmer For 8051 Microcontroller WikiF1. 45. 9 is , that this part has on chip reference , which we can use with our ADC to increase accuracy and stability .Internal reference can be set to 1. |
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